- Penicillin - Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic properties of penicillin in 1928 when he noticed that a mold called Penicillium notatum had contaminated one of his petri dishes and prevented the growth of bacteria.
- X-rays - Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode rays and noticed a fluorescent screen in his lab glowing, even though it was not in the direct path of the cathode rays.
- The Big Bang Theory - The discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964 by astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson was accidental, they were trying to study radio waves and found that they were coming from all directions in the sky, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- The Double Helix Structure of DNA - James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953 while trying to understand how genetic information is stored and transferred.
- Superconductivity - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity in 1911 while studying the electrical resistance of metals at low temperatures, he found that the resistance dropped to zero in some materials at very low temperatures, which he called superconductivity.
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